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Measuring
the World and Beyond
Dubai Municipality & DOME
International LLC Using SeaSondes to
Measure Currents & Waves From Palm
Jumeriah to Port Rashid along the Dubai
Coast.
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Image shows Dubai coastline and impressive offshore man-made islands: The Palm
Jumeriah development (shown at image bottom) and The World Islands development
(shown at image center). SeaSonde-produced 2-D surface current vectors are
shown surrounding The World archipelago.
Click image to enlarge
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Located
inside the Arabian Gulf on the Arabian
Peninsula,
Dubai is home to some of the
new millennium’s boldest engineering
construction projects. Records are
being made here, with projects such
as The Palm Islands that are the
largest man-made islands in the world.
The latest project, named “The
World” is an archipelago of 300
manmade
islands laid out in the shape of
an earth map. These “resort islands”,
located just a few km offshore, will
support multi-million dollar dwellings
and vacation amenities. Constructed
primarily with dredged sand, and
positioned with very little spacing
between each, understanding water
flow dynamics and sediment transport
is critical.
The Dubai Municipality (DM)
established in 1954 is responsible
for
city planning and infrastructure
upkeep, including development,
public health and environmental
affairs. Decisions made by the DM
today relating to the new island
development projects will have longlasting
effects on this emirate. Given
the gravity of their duties, DM is
utilizing the most advanced
technologies and expert consultants to
help them in the responsibilities they
are charged with regarding coast stabilization.
The
application of state of the art monitoring
and modeling tools was identified by
the
Dubai Municipality as a vehicle for developing
an understanding of the prevailing
coastal processes and effects of coastal
line changes. One of the main aims of
the
project is to enhance the existing Dubai
Coastal Zone Monitoring Program which
has
been running since 2002 using a variety
of technologies monitoring
natural processes in the coastal zone.
In 2008
the DM Coastal Zone
and Waterways Management Section contracted
with the company DOME
International LLC for implementing a
SeaSonde network to continuously
monitor the waves and currents along
their coastline. System installation
and commissioning was completed in December
2008. The outputs of the
project includes speed and direction
of the sea surface currents in a
meticulous manner and also the period,
significant height and
dominant direction of waves. SeaSonde
data outputs are correlating
extremely well with other available sensor
data from the area, and are
revealing the region 2-D dynamics. Data
will soon be posted regularly on
the DM’s official web site: www.dubaicoast.ae. |
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INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Measuring the
World and Beyond
SeaSondes® in Dubai
Measuring currents & waves
surrounding The World islands from
Palm Jumeriah to Port Rashid.
Multi-static
Enhancement
for
SeaSonde Networks
CODAR-patented technology brings new
excitement to HF radar network possibilities.
Pushing the Range of
Your SeaSonde
Hardware augmentations to extend network
coverage are presented.
The Basque Country
Coastal
HF Radar System
A SeaSonde network is used inside real-time
observing system monitoring waves and
surface currents inside the Bay of Biscay.
Protecting
the SeaSonde from
Lightning & Other Electrical Surges
An ounce of prevention is worth
a pound of cure.
Tech Tip
Does virus check software make a
healthy computer?
Software
News
Release 6
coming soon!
Upcoming
Events
Recommended
Reads |
Dome International
LLC, with 10 offices in the Middle
East Region, is a leading health, safety
and environment
consultancy firm inside the UAE. |
| SeaSonde antennas
in Dubai |
Click
images to enlarge |
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Correlation between
Umm Suqueim tide station and CODAR
total
vector
currents
from DMRS and UMMS. |
Wave plots of DMRS
CODAR data (top)
and JOB ADCP wave
data on 17 Dec. 2008
(obtained
from
Dubai Municipality website). |
All
Data Shown Are Provided Courtesy
of Dubai Municipality & DOME
International LLC. |
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Enhancing
SeaSonde Networks with Bistatic / Multi-Static™ Functionality
M ulti-Static
function is a straightforward augmentation
that will allow expanded and improved
current-mapping
coverage inside a SeaSonde network. This
patented technique has been under development
at CODAR for over
ten years and is now available for commercial
release. The subsequent sections describe
the technology and how
it can be used to enhance both new and
existing SeaSonde networks
Defining Monostatic & Bistatic
Every SeaSonde, and all other commercial
ocean observing HF radars, are backscatter
-- or monostatic -- radars. This
means transmitter and receiver are co-located
together. When the transmitter is positioned
away from the receiver by tens
of kilometers, this unconventional variation
is called “bistatic”.
The Bistatic Geometry Made Simple
A backscatter radar measures observables
like currents in a polar coordinate system.
Contours of constant time delay are
range circles about the radar. Doppler
shift from the transmitted frequency
gives a velocity component along bearing
spokes from the radar, and these are
called “radials”, i.e., perpendicular
to a radial circle. A bistatic radar
measures
observables in an elliptical coordinate
system, where constant time delay contours
of the echo are ellipses. This family
of
ellipses has the transmitter and receiver
locations as the ellipse focal points.
Doppler shift gives a component of velocity
that falls on hyperbolas passing perpendicular
through the ellipses. These velocities
are referred to as “ellipticals”.
The
measurements below illustrate radials
and ellipticals measured off the coast
of New Jersey with a
bistatic-enhanced SeaSonde.
| Click image
to enlarge |
 |
An example
of "radials" and "ellipticals" for a New Jersey-sited
25-MHz SeaSonde
with a buoy-mounted bistatic
transmitter is shown. These are measured and processed simultaneously. |
Why Bistatic Radars Are Uncommon in HF Ocean Observing
In any radar, the transmit signal must be coherent with the receiver signal.
That’s easy when they are together, because the
same signal source can be used for both. When they are separated, accurate frequency
and time synchronization is the
drawback. CODAR invented and patented a methodology based on GPS timing along
with CODAR’s unique, patented
FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave) gated signals to control the exact
sweep time of multiple transmitters
down to nanoseconds so all transmitters can occupy the exact same frequency channel.
This enables a single receive
antenna to process unambiguously signals scattered from multiple transmitters.
The signals from various transmitters are
identified and separated in the demodulation phase.
Defining Multi-Static: Simultaneous Monostatic & Bistatic
Operation
Bistatic wouldn’t have significant value if a network still ended up with
the same quantity of data, the only noticeable
difference being that transmitters and receivers are separated from each other
(switching from monostatic to bistatic).
However, this is not the end of the process; With the CODAR-patented methods,
one receiver can see its own backscatter
echoes and produce radial maps, and can also see those signals from several other
appropriately placed transmitters and
process each of those transmitter signals to produce ellipticals, a! at exactly
the same time (not sequentially by on/off
switching). This is called “Multi-Static”. It can both extend coverage
and increase data density inside monitoring area.
The Bottom Line: Benefits of Multi-Static Function
| Click
images to enlarge |
 |
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| Coverage and quality of
four backscatter Long-Range
SeaSondes off the coast of New Jersey. Dark red indicates
best quality of total vectors; yellow going to white indicates
poor or no coverage. |
Enhancement obtained by
adding a transmitter on a buoy 150
km offshore, operating multi-statically with the four SeaSondes
on the left. Higher quality (darker color) and greater coverage
area are the result. |
One can expect an extension in coverage
area. This can vary between 30% (e.g.,
where only the existing coastal SeaSonde
radar transmitters are used) up to 100% if stand-alone bistatic transmitters
are judiciously placed (along coast, on buoys,
islands or offshore structures). CODAR staff have tools to help predict and optimize
this coverage based on your existing
or proposed network. One can expect more robust, accurate current vectors, and
fewer gaps within the existing coverage
area. More measurements from different angles of the current field at a point
leads to a more accurate total vector. The
figures above show an example where a buoy transmitter is added to augment an
existing four-SeaSonde coastal network off
New Jersey. Here the coverage area has more than doubled, and the darker shading
denotes more accurate total
vector mapping.
Transmit Sources For Bistatic / Multi-Static Networks
Scenario #1: Utilizing Transmit Signals from Other SeaSonde Remote Units
A transmitter from one conventional, backscatter SeaSonde remote unit can be
the source for bistatic echoes for any of the
other nearby SeaSonde receivers (inside a different SeaSonde remote unit). If
a network of overlapping backscatter
SeaSondes is already in place, producing total vector maps among them -- and
they have our GPS-assisted timing package
called “SHARE” -- this can be the foundation of a Multi-Static network.
In this case, without adding any additional
hardware the SeaSonde network can be converted into a Multi-Static network by
installing CODAR’s new Multi-Static
signal processing software package at some or all of the receiver stations inside
network. For example, four adjacent
backscatter SeaSondes can be converted into as many as ten Multi-Static echo
sources for the same patches of sea.
Scenario #2: Adding Stand-alone Bistatic Transmitters to a SeaSonde Network
As orientation between transmitters and receivers affects the bistatic coverage
area, there can be benefit to placing
additional transmitter(s) at strategic locations. The stand-alone bistatic transmitters
offered by CODAR consist of a
transmitter, transmit antenna, and an Iridium communication link for simple remote
control of transmitter. These units
cost less than a complete SeaSonde Remote Unit and require less space and infrastructure,
allowing operation inside an
even wider variety of environments. The fact that there is no receive antenna
reduces siting constraints. Absence of a
computer and receive system lowers the overall power requirement significantly
(the bistatic transmitter and Iridium link
require approximately 100 watts power total). Refer to SeaSonde Bistatic Transmitter
Product Information Sheet for
further details.
What Is Needed?
If this is an existing SeaSonde backscatter network outfitted with SHARE
technology, it needs only software to convert into a Multi-static network:
one
software package for for each receiver (SeaSonde remote unit) that is
to receive
bistatic echoes from any number of transmitters. This software package
will be
configured and keyed to that single receiver. For example, suppose one
SeaSonde remote unit is to receive echoes from three other coastal SeaSonde
remote unit transmitters, you need only one software package for that
receiving SeaSonde remote unit and it can produce one set of radials
and two or three
sets of ellipticals. Additional software packages are required for each
additional
receiver that will be processing data bistatically or multi-statically
inside
the network.
CODAR staff can help select which SeaSonde remote unit transmitters will
work best with others in the vicinity, with a special visualization code.
This
shows the expansion in coverage area, as well as the increase in robustness
within the existing backscatter map region. One may consider stand-alone
transmitters along with the existing or proposed coastal network. These
bistatic transmitters could be on buoys, on an offshore platform or island,
or at
a coastal point. Again, CODAR staff can help decide if and where such
an option might be desirable, using the visualization code mentioned
above.
In
this case, it will be necessary to purchase the additional bistatic transmitter
hardware, while the need for receiver Bistatic/Multi-static data processing
software packages remains the same. Contact CODAR for further details.
Rutgers University & CODAR team preparing to
deploy a buoy-mounted 5 MHz bistatic transmitter off
New Jersey coast. |
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| Shown here is SeaSonde bistatic transmitter
mounted onto buoy off New Jersey coast. |
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Pushing the Range of Your SeaSonde
Hardware
configuration options to expand the observable range of your SeaSonde, potentially beyond 300 km
Operating Frequency
One
easy way to achieve greater range
is to
operate at a lower frequency
band. This has
been known for decades, and is
the reason
CODAR engineers designed the
SeaSonde
for operation across a wide band,
ranging from 4.4
MHz up to 50 MHz. The lowest
of the SeaSonde
transmit frequency bands (within
4.4 - 6 MHz)
allows for greater ranges than
the higher bands
without any increase in radiated
power. In general,
the average daytime observable
range achieved by a
SeaSonde operating near 4-6 MHz
(“Long-Range”
mode) is typically 160-220 km.
Actual coverage
varies on many factors, such
as exact antenna
placement, sea conditions, external
noise as well as
some user-selectable software
settings.
|
click image
to enlarge |
Twin
Transmit Antennas
Another method for increasing observable range is adding a second transmit (TX)
antenna. A single monopole antenna exhibits a uniform, omnidirectional transmit
signal pattern, meaning that the radiated power is equally distributed across
360 degrees-- including sections over land. The simple addition of a second transmit
antenna allows for “beam control” and through proper orientation & phasing
the antennas can direct more power transmitter signal power out towards sea.
It is most common for this configuration to be used on the lower SeaSonde bands
(5-14 MHz), but is possible at any frequency. This hardware configuration option
is available when ordering a new SeaSonde Remote Unit or as a retrofit. The official
name is Twin Transmit Antenna Configuration.
The directionality of the beam fan produced by the TX antenna pair can be controlled
by adjusting the spacing between the two elements. Spacing the two elements closer
together will cause the signal strength to “fan out”, so that the
power is spread across a wider angle. As the two antennas are pulled apart, the
resulting beam pattern becomes narrower, sending a stronger signal out towards
a more specific angular sector. This produces even greater range, but inside
a narrower angle sector. The antenna spacing (and hence the TX beam fan spread)
is customized at the radar site and optimized for that SeaSonde user’s
goals. |
SeaSonde
Coverage
to 334 km
Shown
The odd-shaped
Vermilion 31A oil
platform, nearly 1000
meters long, had plenty
of space for the Long-
Range twin TX antennas
and receive antenna.
Total vector current map produced by combining the Vermilion & Southwest Pass radials, extending to 334 km offshore.
SeaSonde antennas at Southwest Pass were
installed
in marshland only accessible by boat. |
Dual Transmitter
- Twin Transmit
Antenna Configuration for
Maximum Range
A third way to extend range is to increase the
TX radiated power. However, when it comes
to increasing power, one quickly reaches the
point of diminishing returns on investment.
The SeaSonde transmitter output power is 40
watts average, which is low and also highly
practical from a design and results perspective.
Increasing the output power of a single
transmit power supply creates more internal
heat, placing more wear on itself and other
nearby parts inside the transmitter chassis.
Hence these other parts, including heat sinks,
must be upgraded to perform under this
greater heat stress. This drives the price of a
radar up to an uncomfortable cost level.
Instead of increasing power from a single transmitter, CODAR offers a more practical
solution --
that is addition of a second transmitter. This SeaSonde
Remote Unit configuration is referred to as SeaSonde
Dual Transmitter - Twin Transmit Antenna
Configuration. In this setup, two transmitters are
connected to a set of twin TX antennas. This doubling
of the transmit power and the focusing its beam out
towards sea can make a dramatic difference in daytime
observable range, extending it by as much as 90 km. To
put this into perspective, the range increase is the same
as would result from a single transmitter with a single
antenna that had its power increased from 40 to nearly
200 watts.
A deployment of the special configuration units several
years ago in the Gulf of Mexico had radars positioned at
bottom of the Southwest Pass in Louisiana and on an oil
platform to the west. Daytime average observable
ranges for these units consistently stayed above 240 km
and at times the Southwest Pass radar unit had ranges up
to 340 km were reached.
Data
Produced by
Long-Range SeaSonde
|
A demonstration of range improvement was conducted in
September 2008. Data from a Long-Range SeaSonde unit operating in Bodega,
California is shown here. Normal range of this unit is 170-190 km (shown
above). When the system hardware is modified to Long-Range SeaSonde
with the dual transmitter - twin TX antenna configuration the current maps
extend out past 300 km in certain sectors.
|
Data Produced by
Dual TX- Twin TX Antenna
Long-Range SeaSonde
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| The
Operational Oceanography system in the
Basque Country consists of two main elements:
an intensive ocean-observing network, together
with meteorological and oceanographic modeling
tools. These elements are able to provide,
on a routine basis, the most precise description
of the present Sea State as well as the
forecasting of the ocean conditions. The
Ocean Observing System includes six coastal
meteorological platforms (operational since
2004) and two ocean-meteorological buoys,
operating since 2007. In the general framework
of a Coastal Oceanography System in the
Basque Country (Northeastern Spain), the
Directorate of Meteorology and Climate
of the Basque Country Government contracted
to Qualitas Instruments S.A. in 2008 the
turnkey installations of a Long-Range SeaSonde
network. The main purpose
is to improve the
real-time monitoring of the surface currents
and waves in
the Bay of Biscay Area. |
 |
Distribution of the coastal and marine observing platforms of the Basque
Meteorological Office (Euskalmet). |
The coastal Long-Range
SeaSonde
radar stations were installed during year
2008 and have
become operational at the beginning of
2009. The final
aim of the coastal radar system is the
integration of the
radar data into the Operational Oceanography
network in
this important marine region.
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The
utility of the coastal HF radars for the
real time monitoring of the oceanographic
conditions will be of fundamental
importance in the framework of the Interregional
European Project LOREA (Littoral, Ocean
and Rivers in Euskadi-
Aquitaine), which envisions a very ambitious
real-time observing
system adapted for the study of the Marine
Dynamics in the coastal
zone and its interactions with the littoral
and the rivers. During year
2009 studies of Quality Assurance and Quality
Control (QA/QC) of
the HF radar data will be performed in
order to incorporate these
data into operational tools developed in
LOREA as local
applications of water quality, beach dynamics,
and mitigation of
marine pollution (oil spill forecasting,
etc.).
Basque SeaSonde Configuration
The HF radar system in the Basque country
consists of two Long-
Range SeaSonde Remote Units and a Central
Management / Data
Combining Station. One radar unit is located
in Cape Matxitxako,
and the second in Cape Higer, separated
a distance of 80 Km. The
combine site computer is located in the
town of Vitoria in the
headquarters of the Meteorological Basque
service (Euskalmet).
Both radar stations work in a frequency
centered at 4.86 MHz and a
bandwidth of 40 kHz, resulting in a radial
resolution of 4 km and a
maximum range of ~200 Km.
Data Outputs
Each remote site communicates on line with
the Central
Management Station via Broadband Wireless
Access (WIMAX),
maintained and operated by the Basque Met
office. The resulting
total surface vectors images are distributed
in real time basis for the
general public in the Meteorological Web:
http://www.euskalmet.euskadi.net/s07-5853x/es/meteorologia/
selsensorB.apl?e=5&COD_ESTACION=R097.
Shown on preceding page is an example of
the range and the spatial coverage of radar
measurements, as well as the kind of
oceanographic structures captured by the
radar. Note the general cyclonic structure
of the surface circulation measured by
the radar system.
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First
Results: High waves in the big storm of
20-24 January 2009
During the days from 23rd to 25th of January
2009, a few days after launch of the formal
operation of the radar by the Basque
authorities, an anomalous deep atmospheric
cyclone affected severely the northern
Iberian Peninsula. An abrupt surface air
pressure fall of more than 35 hPa was measured
at a latitude corresponding to northern
Spain, causing winds speed of more
than 190 km/h measured at Matxitxako Cape.
This resulted in a severe-storm sea state
with significant wave heights more
than 12 m. At this point, the radar HF
station in Matxitxako measured this significant
wave height of 12 m, as can be seen in
above below. Note that the buoy at Matxitxaco
Cape also observed this maximum at around
06:00 of January 24th (not
shown). Even though the radar wave measurement
is slightly below the ocean buoy record,
this is thus far the maximum
record for significant wave heights in
the history of CODAR SeaSondes.
CODAR wave measurements averaged over
a ring at 10 Km radius centered at
the Matxitxaco radar station.
Note the red curve showing a 12m significant
height at 06:00 AM.
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| Protecting
the SeaSonde from Lightning and Other
Electrical Surges |
The
occurrence of lightning striking SeaSonde
antennas is extremely low. However, the
statistics vary geographically and even
a small risk exists at any coastal HF radar
location. Some may ask, "what can
be done to prevent the
antenna from being struck by lightning". Unfortunately there are no
devices that can prevent a strike on the antennas without disrupting their
normal performance. There might be some very sophisticated antenna protection
system that may not negatively affect the antennas, but these expensive designs
cost more than the price of entire SeaSonde unit and still can offer no guarantees.
All SeaSondes are equipped with some lightning protection built
into the transmitter chassis and the receive antenna (shown below). The purpose
of these devices is to minimize the effects of a lightning strike upon the
more expensive parts of SeaSonde electronics if an antenna is hit. |
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| CODAR
Product Code UPS1500 |
|
The SeaSonde
Extended Lightning Protection Kit, CODAR
Product Code LT-E1, (shown below) is an
optional secondary lightning protection
package set in a small weatherproof housing
(mountable either indoors or outdoors)
intended to provide one additional layer
of electronics protection. It uses the
same gas discharge tube method on all transmit
and receive cables connected to the electronics.
It is not a guarantee against damage but
is another technology that may help protect
the electronics chassis (if either antenna
or antenna cables take a direct hit).
 |
CODAR Product Code
LT-E1
|
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Power coming
to SeaSonde should be buffered via an Uninterruptable
Power Supply (UPS) Power Conditioning Unit (CODAR
Product Code UPS1500). A UPS connecting
the SeaSonde unit to its power source (e.g.
wall plug) will provide a layer of protection
to electronics against power surges that
come from power line. They also allow for
continued quality performance through power
fluctuations (sometimes
referred to as "brownouts"). UPS devices are small investments with
big rewards.
Consult CODAR Support Team for additional details on protection technology and
how these may be best utilized inside your SeaSonde network.
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Tech
Tips
Does
Virus Check Software Make a Healthy Computer?
There is probably not a day that goes by
in which we all receive emails or read web
articles that alert us of the serious threat
of
lethal computer viruses. Many of these are
sales blurbs attempting to scare us into
buying their virus detector or special
protection software packages. For those wondering
what they should be doing to protect their
SeaSonde computers from
viruses, here is a little background and
a few tips:
There are NO OS X worms or viruses. Two years
ago there was one infectious agent thought
to have been a virus which turned
out to be a trojan hidden inside a jpg file.
It was short-lived though and is no longer
viable. The only known still-living
exception to this is the Microsoft MS Word
Macro virus that only affects .doc files,
is more of an “annoyance” than
an
“
attack”, and not relevant to SeaSonde
systems.
We recommend using your computer’s
Software Update to keep up-to-date-- for
one never knows when a real virus threat
might happen. However, we do not advise putting
any virus check software on the SeaSonde
computers as it causes problems
due to the extra load on the file system.
Norton seems to do a fine job of keeping
computers from running properly, so please
do not use Norton. In order for any virus,
worm, trojan detector to perform its intended
job it needs to be constantly updated
with the latest known list of threats and
is always just a “little behind” the
newest threats.
We also recommend setting the firewall on
with the stealth mode. This keeps the computer
from being bothered by web
crawlers trying to ssh their way in.
Some
web links will redirect an unsuspecting web
surfer to trojan horses which try to
trick the user into downloading and
running malicious software. There was one
web link a year ago which asked the user
to download a video codec that instead
redirected Safari to fake web sites in order
to steal your online passwords. There are
a number of trojans out there which are
intended to capture your keystrokes or redirect
your web browsing. While anyone can be tricked,
these are usually pretty
obvious and are not likely to happen.
There have been no SeaSonde systems affected
by viruses or worms, so as long as you keep
your computer’s Software Update
up-to-date and set your firewall to stealth
mode, you can rest easy!
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Software
News ~ Release 6 Coming Soon!
Set
for release inside Spring 2009, Radial Suite
Release 6 makes a major stride in SeaSonde
software evolution. Release 6 will allow
you view the site’s status, spectra,
radials, waves and diagnostics from your
favorite Internet browser*. Some are even
connecting to the radar via this Internet-access
feature using mobile phones (such as iPhone®)
with a viewing screen. The Suite can be configured
to send out email** alerts when software
or hardware problems arise. There are a plethora
of improvements to the setup, display, and
processing tools***.
If you haven’t done so for several years, this may be a good time to upgrade
the computers in your network. To maximize convenience, replacement computers
can be purchased through CODAR that arrive at your door correctly configured
for SeaSonde, with Release 6 software pre-installed. Contact CODAR Support for
details (support@codar.com).
(*Requires an incoming internet connection; **Requires internet host who allows
sendmail; ***Requires OS X 10.4 or 10.5)
|
UPCOMING
EVENTS
CODAR
WILL BE EXHIBITING AT THE FOLLOWING UPCOMING
EVENTS:
Ocean
Business
31 March - 2 April 2009
Southampton, UK
SeaSonde
Training Course
27 April - 1 May 2009
Northern California
9th
Radiowave
Oceanography Workshop
19-22 May 2009
Split, Croatia
Radiowave Operators Working Group (ROWG)
2-4 June 2009 Norfolk, VA
Meet CODAR engineers & many experienced
SeaSonde operators at this annual event.
Participation is highly recommended for
persons entering the HF community.
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RECOMMENDED
READING:
Saraceno, M., P. T. Strub, and P. M. Kosro
(2008), Estimates of sea surface height
and near-surface
alongshore coastal currents from combinations
of altimeters and tide gauges, J. Geophys.
Res., 113,
C11013, doi:10.1029/2008JC004756.
Barth, A., A. Alvera-Azcarate, and R.H.
Weisberg (2008), Benefit of nesting a regional
model into a largescale
ocean model instead of climatology. Application
to the West Florida Shelf, Continental
Shelf Research,
vol.28, pp.561-573.
Barrick, D.E., 30 Years of CMTC and CODAR,
Current Measurement Technology, 2008. CMTC
2008. IEEE/
OES 9th Working Conference on 17-19 March
2008 Page(s):131 - 136, DOI: 10.1109/CCM.2008.4480856
Teague, C.C.; Barrick, D.E.; Lilleboe,
P.M.; Cheng, R.T.; Stumpner, P.; Burau,
J.R., Dual-RiverSonde Measurements of Two-
Dimensional River Flow Patterns, Current
Measurement Technology, 2008. CMTC 2008.
IEEE/OES 9th Working Conference on
17-19 March 2008 Page(s):258 - 263, DOI:
10.1109/CCM.2008.4480877
Barth, A., A. Alvera-Azcarate, and R. H.
Weisberg (2008), Assimilation of high-frequency
radar currents in a nested model of the
West Florida Shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
C08033, doi:10.1029/2007JC004585.
Cosoli, S., M. Gacic, A. Mazzoldi, Comparison
between HF radar current data and moored
ADCP currentmeter, Il Nuovo Cimento,
vol. 28 C, No. 6, Novembre-Dicembre 2005,
DOI 10.1393/ncc/i2005-10032-6.
V. Kovacevic, et al, HF radar observations
in the northern Adriatic: surface current
field in front of the Venetian Lagoon,
Journal of
Marine Systems, vol. 51 (2004), pp.95– 122,
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